Between 1864 and 1923, numerous laws limited freedom of expression in the Ottoman Empire media. Most newspapers between 1864 and 1908 were organs of the State. The first official newspaper was Takvim-I Vekayi, founded in 1831. Newspapers that did not support the regime were censored.
Takvim-i Vekayi, Ottoman Empire newspaper, 1831 edition, in Arabic

Draft of the 25 Points of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or Nazi Party). The 23rd Point demands the exclusion of all non-Germans from the press.
First page of the Nazi Party program

“We demand that there be a legal campaign against those who propagate deliberate political lies and disseminate them through the press. (…) All financial interests in or in any way affecting German newspapers shall be forbidden to non-Germans by law, and we demand that the punishment for transgressing this law be the immediate suppression of the newspaper and the expulsion of the non-Germans from the Reich.” —23rd of the Nazi Party’s 25 Points.
Second page of the Nazi Party program

At the International Radio Exhibition in Berlin in 1933, Joseph Goebbels introduced the first “People’s Receiver” radio broadcast. This eventually became a full-fledged instrument of Nazi propaganda, reaching more than 15 million across Germany by 1942.
German Minister of Propaganda, Goebbels, with Adolf Hitler at the International Radio Exhibition, Berlin, 1933
Photo: MHMC

The Editors’ Law created a legal basis for regulating the press by setting in place the personal and political conditions required to exercise the editorial profession.
German Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, announcing the Editors’ Law, Germany, 1933
Photo: MHMC

Freedom of the press was abolished in Cambodia by the government of Prime Minister Lon Nol. Newspapers were censored prior to publication and many closed their doors between 1970 and 1975.
Lon Nol, Prime Minister of Cambodia between 1969 and 1971; 1984 photograph

Under the Khmer Rouge, only the official newspapers and radio station were authorized, which spread communist revolutionary propaganda. The Khmer Rouge published three magazines for party leaders.
Cover of Kampuchea magazine, Cambodia, March 1978
Photo: © Documentation Center of Cambodia Archives

Published in both Kinyarwanda and French, Kangura (“Wake Up”) magazine was a driver of genocide, with articles published regularly spreading hatred toward Tutsis. Translation: “Tutsi: Race of God. What weapons can we use to defeat all these cockroaches once and for all?”
Kangura magazine, issue number 26, November 1991

Following the Arusha Accords in 1993, the State radio, Radio Rwanda, stopped broadcasting all hate messages. A new propaganda radio was created, called RTLM. With the country’s 40% illiteracy rate, radio was very popular. Announcers maintained a highly racist discourse, spreading myths about Tutsis.
Photo: former RTLM offices, Kigali Wire on Flickr